It is unknown here that findings disclosed in any of these posts can be found anywhere else. That is why they are being presented here. Therefore, any students obliged to please a teacher should treat this information as contraband heresy.
Several characteristics of water brings that substance to the forefront in the natural making of lightning. These charactristics combine with a significant ambient ion density to enable water to host exchanges of atmospheric energy. Water is plentiful, it possesses the highest specific heat of any common substance in our environment, it enters and departs from the atmospheric mixture under common fluctuation of conditions that influence its changes of state, and it involves a significant amount of latent energy.
This is easy when you know that the atmosphere is loaded with negative ions. The default explainers of our world are still bogged down with scratching up electrons or ions as though they represent energy. They are just matter and they come with the house so to speak. Water vapor freshly rejoining the atmosphere undergoes a process of adaptation under appropriate circumstances before it acquires the normal atmospheric ionic density. Electrons rising due to Fair Weather Current tend to nullify the virtual positive electrical charge imposed by fresh vapor, but such emission varies widely according to surface elevation, texture and temperature, etc. Thus, meager electron emissions of a pico amp or so per square meter occur from ocean surfaces, even at high tide, and an unsuspected bounty of electrons flows from high or pointy surfaces. (That would seem to explain the meager lightning at sea compared to that occurring inland.)
Saddled with a vast population of negative ions, our atmosphere spaces them out for stratified equidistant ionic juxtaposition around the globe. Electrical energy is stored within this medium by encroaching upon such equidistance, whereby ions subjected to further crowding would represent a virtual negative charge, and ions afforded additional spacing would represent a virtual positive charge.
We hereby review a scenario demonstrating natural development of high negative voltages. Some 540 Calories of heat energy are invested in the change of state for each liter of water evaporating into the atmosphere. Upon normalization of ionic density for such vapor, much of that latent energy is subject to conversion into storage as electrical energy upon condensation of the vapor as in the formation of rain. This is because the condensation process brings the water molecules and ions closer to each other. Mutual repulsion of the ions resisting increased proximity demands absorption of latent energy for the endothermic process of crowding negative ions together. Thus, heat energy introduced from sunshine becomes electrical energy stored upon surfaces of forming raindrops. (The little things perform as Faraday Cages: ions being confined to outer surface, excluded from inner content.) As raindrops grow, whether by merging with each other or by additional condensation upon existing droplets, the ionic density has doubled when the volume has increased by a factor of eight. (That is because total ion count follows the volume factor, and it would be distributed upon a surface increase of only four.)
Condensation and freezing of water occur under cooling conditions whereby chilled vapor molecules fall below escape velocity from each other and liquid molecules fall below mutual orbital velocity. There is an interesting side effect upon raindrops with increasing electric charges. Electrostatic repulsion of the negative ions diminishes the effects of intermolecular gravity so that vapor molecules remain at escape velocities at the usual dew point and they maintain orbital speeds at the usual freezing point. This confronts our meteorologists with issues concerning supersaturation and supercooled liquid water. Remember, that these ions restrict themselves to the skin of the raindrops until they let go. When a rainstorm has charged up tantamount to producing thunderbolts, a raindrop's outer layer can remain liquid down to temperatures around minus forty degrees Celsius, although ice would have been forming inside as soon as droplet temperatures fall below zero degrees (Updrafts incidental to such storms account for such routine chilling.) Cause and effect gets turned around a lot when experts take up on these matters.
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